gypsum clay breaker liquid

THIS TECHNIQUE ONLY WORKS ON SOME CLAY SOILS - TO FIND OUT IF THIS WILL WORK FOR YOU, PLEASE SEE THE FOLLOWING TEST: Clay Soil Test However, if you are stuck with heavy clay soil in your backyard, but you still want to turn it into a workable material, then dont fret. I am excited and will guarantee give it a go. My aim is to avoid using chemical additives to my lawn, and anywhere in the garden really. Gypsum is a favorite amendment for soil, especially clay soil where it is claimed to do all kinds of wonderful things. 1. The waterlogging problem can make gardening and lawn maintenance feel like an impossible mission. It also reduces sodium (salt) levels and boosts calcium and sulphur levels in your soil. But my soil remains heavy, just getting microscopically lighter and less compacted each year. I have a super dense clay in my new house and am looking at how to fix it and found my way here. MMS products are very heavy and every care should be taken when handling these materials to avoid back injury. Not only will compost introduce vital nutrients to the soil to feed your plants, the decaying plant matter will also help break up the clay particulate surrounding them. If you are one of those people, then there is an easy alternative grow plants that favour moisture and can thrive even in waterlogged clay soil. Clay soil is also prone to compaction. Mulch, compost and biochar are among them, just to name a few. The fibrous massive variety has a silky lustre and is called satin spar; it is translucent and opalescent and is valued for ornaments and jewelry. What is the experience with Liquid Clay Breakers? Shake or stir well before use & maintain constant agitation. The main reason for applying gypsum is to loosen and break up clay particles in the soil. Was a while ago and from what I remember the active ingredients were the same as the Eco Organic Garden. But. All gypsum is clay-breaker. per 1,000 sq. Can be put through trickle irrigation, center pivot and boom sprayers which makes it more user friendly and versatile . Basically, there are two main ways to break down clay soil either with tools or by adding different materials to change its structure. Gypsum effectively changes the structure and fertility of heavy clay soils, especially those that are heavily You will have no trouble finding claims on pet related sites, that gypsum fixes urine damage on lawns, or that applying gypsum will reduce future damage, but it is all wishful thinking. How To Use Lime Sulphur On Roses (Australian Guide), How to use Grevilleas for Hedging (Superb, Robyn Gordon,, How to Use Dynamic Lifter (Pellets + Liquid), What is Mulch and How to Use It in Your Garden, How to Use Blood and Bone Fertiliser (Australian Guide). SDS . The eco-flo range are all liquids so they can be put through trickle irrigation, centre pivot and boom sprayers which makes the eco-flo range much more user friendly and versatile than the more conventional granules or powders. All tip submissions are carefully reviewed before being published. Try this one, yes you heard that right once, and seen visable differnt in afew day, and new grass shoot with i the week, sucha good product! We have highly reactive clay. While all of the treating materials above can help fix your gardening problems, they wont do it overnight. Soil scientists call this problem Sodicity. Gypsum will not improve compacted soil. OCP HUMIC 18. Gypsum is chiefly used to amend sodic soils. Always consider N & P crop requirements for starters based on reliable soil test data. Store in a cool dry area out of direct sunlight. Lawn Feed as you Weed (Granular) SDS . All rights reserved. For faster results, use liquid gypsum. If you like this post, please share . March 1, 2023 16 comments, The sodium gets washed deeper into the soil profile by rain and irrigation, net effect is that gypsum does not change pH, Most soil scientists agree that gypsum will not be useful for improving poor permeability due to problems of soil texture, compaction, hardpans, claypans, or high water tables, Calcium sulfate helps knock aluminum ions off clay, calcium sulfate will have no effect on this. Promotes healthy root growth. For more information, check out our Qld Organics Natural Gypsum: is an all-natural product, sourced in Australia. Annette Hird has an Associate Diploma of Applied Science in Horticulture. Coconut Coir Brick (23) $9 And. With approximately 80% of New Zealand soil being heavy, compacted or clay based, ClayBreaker can help address many commonly experienced problems in lawns and gardens. Active Ingredient: 19% Calcium 15% Sulfur. Read and understand the above uses, and use gypsum only if you have a valid reason for doing so. If despite your hard efforts, the clay soil does not seem to improve, then we suggest you consider getting a wooden box and filling it with fertile soil. The free calcium from Gypsum will replace the sodium on the clay particle and allow the sodium to be leached out of the soil. Their claim of 1L treats the same area as 80kg of Gypsum. Compare. The first one is the limited effect, which extends to just a couple of months, after which you will have to repeat the procedure or face the clay soils waterlogging issues all over again. Further searching on the web revealed that gypsum would also improve drainage, Lots of compost and eco-flo gypsum are her favourite things to use in a clay soil. Improves soil quality and achieves healthy, vibrant lawns and gardens. Upon continued prodding from one of my university extension colleagues, I recently watched several Clay Breaker Soil Conditioner. Testing of a sample can reveal the structure of your specific soil type. The soil drains poorly, is sticky when wet, hard when dry, and contains very little air for plant roots. Gypsum is a natural clay breaker that helps to drastically improve and condition heavy clay soils; breaking down the clay into a workable and crumbly form. This is particularly helpful in areas prone to drought. $3497 ($1.09/Ounce)$44.99. That's about two cupfuls. One of the important things to remember, though, is that if clay makes up more than half of the soils composition, then you are dealing with tough heavy clay. Theres no reason to give up on your garden just because of a little stubborn dirt, though. The calcium in both of these does increase pH, but the sulfate in gypsum reduces pH. Use higher rate for soil amelioration, Dilute 45 mL per 9 L watering can and apply the diluted mix at a rate of 1 litre per square metre this, diluted mix can also be poured over foliage. Dig that in, and do the gypsum test again. The preferred soil amendment is normally spread on top of the lawn or freshly-turned ground, then left to decompose on its own. Next was powdered dolomite, but it isnt recommended on all clay types. In sodic soil, the sodium ions disrupt the clay structure. Liquid gypsum is a form of fast-acting gypsum or rapid gypsum that helps prevent waterlogging, loosens clay, improves soil drainage, and removes excess . The ashes from your fireplace, fire pit, or wood burning stove can also the serve many of the same functions as biochar. Other cover crops include field peas, hairy vetch, and cereal grains like rye, barley, and millet. Yep. We have found this gypsum has the potential to attract anaerobic microbes which may make the liquid smelly and turn black if not kept air-tight (sealed) immediately after use and stored in a cool location. This is especially true for people living in the western parts, where the soil combines layers of sandy loam but also sandy clay, with the latter being the bottom layer. Worms do a wonderful job in the garden beds. Add To Cart. soil type. ft. Composted Cow Manure. Primarily, gypsum is used for helping to break up heavily compacted clay soils making them more porous and able to absorb moisture. Dig the gypsum into the soil at around 10 to 15 cm deep. It is a cheaper source of calcium and is effective for a longer period of time. I stopped rototilling a few years ago. It can be an effective soil amendment under certain. She also had the responsibility of a large homestead garden that included lawn care, fruit trees, roses and many other ornamental plants. Gypsum is a mineral that helps to improve the physical structure of the soil and reduce the pH. However, it does little to . Ezi-Wet Liquid Soil Soaker. Free Shipping over $35 . However, for a quicker option, for example, in planting holes, use a liquid clay breaker with organic matter* Leca Soil In this case the application of a liquid clay breaker, organic matter and compost dug into the soil will be the solution to sticky clay soil. There are good reasons for using gypsum but you have to know when and when not to use it. Regular applications has already seen it grow like never before in only three months. Compost will also assist in improving the soil. It is advisable to pre-mix, adding this product slowly while maintaining agitation in spray tank to, prevent settling of solids. Only have great things to say about Plant Doctor. Products turned up quickly. Will post back with the results. But what about if youre not sure whether your soil is clay or not? This enables air, water and nutrients to penetrate roots, improving soil drainage and reducing moss. 1 cu. Do not pre-mix or store in diluted form. Add a handful of powdered gypsum to the bottom of the planting hole. Mulch, mulch, mulch. There is also a product that you can spray on but the powder is more effective. This product has been tested to store safely down to 5C. Rake in the gypsum as best as you can and water well. In general, youll find that it will take around 2 to 3 months for the gypsum to have a positive impact on the structure of your soil. 10 50 L/ha as required. So here are our suggestions for different flowers, trees and grasses to grow in the Australian climate: Still struggling with the clay soil in your backyard? Read the details below! A high-analysis source of micronised natural gypsum combined in a free-flowing suspension. Add some coarse sand, animal manure (except chicken), roadbase stones, gypsum and of course, compost- lots of it. Upon laying my turf down on a clay base I quickly realised even with some organic soil that my lawn was struggling in the summer heat. The addition of gypsum can promote better drainage and air circulation, which can aid root development and nutrient absorption. HOW DOES GYPSUM BREAK UP CLAY The Green and Gold Life 4.47K subscribers Subscribe 864 35K views 2 years ago Gday Ole mate Do you have clay as the main growing medium in your soil profile??? You throw it on the lawn like fertiliser.. it's professional grade stuff used on golf courses. Then dumped tonnes of top soil. Automation; Miscellaneous; Questionable Techniques; . A high-analysis source of micronised natural gypsum combined in a free-flowing suspension. In scientific language, its known as hydrous calcium sulphate or CaSO4.2H2O. References. Spread 1 kg of powdered gypsum for every square metre of soil. Best was gypsum dug in with some compost as well. (Ion exchange resins and surfactants in buffered solution, ie. Avoid spraying close to harvest if produce, is susceptible to staining. These clays have a high content of sodium which reduces the porosity and water retention of soils, and hence plant growth. 1/4" Particle size (20QT Bag) By using our site, you agree to our. In most cases, you can add 2.2 pounds of gypsum for every 10 square feet. It is still safe to use after this, however may not be at its best. Organic. Compare Pumice for Bonsai, Succulent, Cactus and other container grown plants. Tip: Manual aeration will break up hard, compacted patches of clay soil, introduce air and other gases from the environment, and make it easier for your amendments to find their way deeper beneath the surface. Then, turn your soil by digging up small amounts where you want to put plants to aerate it. I now found Multicrop Clay Breaker (http://www.multicrop.com.au/home-garden-products/groundbreaker-soil-treatment-and-clay-breaker.php) with a different active ingredient. GroundBreaker Soil Treatment & Clay Breaker GroundBreaker is a liquid soil conditioner that changes heavy soils or high clay content soils into a more useable form. Sign-up for exclusive deals and the latest news. Gypsum for clay soil is often recommended to improve your soil quality; however, its effectiveness for this purpose is largely a myth. ft. Composted Cow Manure. 36 related questions found. They are also heavily compacted SDS . Doing so will only cause you to end up with a mass of oversized soil clumps that are still unsuitable for planting. Great for any grass type and soil type that has trouble with compaction. Add powdered gypsum at the rate of two to three handfuls per square metre, then dig the soil over and water it in. On average, you can apply around 1kg of powdered gypsum per square metre. The soil conditioning capacity of gypsum is dramatically magnified with the huge increase in surface area associated with micronisation. How to apply gypsum on clay soil: 1 Calculate how much you will need. $14.95. (Ion exchange resins and surfactants in buffered solution, ie. The VERY reason to join our newsletter How to Mulch: A Complete Guide for a Thriving Garden, Overseeding a Lawn: How and When to Repair Your Lawn, How to Get Rid of the Weeds in the Lawn Without Killing the Grass. Compatibility and/or performance cannot be guaranteed when combined with other products. Clay Breaker is commonly used to break up clay and loosen any hard and compacted soils. Core aerification is the best way to improve growing conditions for lawns established on clay soils. Therefore, if you are looking for a way to break down your clay soil faster, we recommend trying a liquid clay breaker. When planting new trees and shrubs, you can add a handful of powdered gypsum to the bottom of the planting hole and then, add some liquid clay breaker which will work a little faster. It does not affect the pH of your soil and won't harm or burn existing plants. Urban soils are generally amalgamations of subsoils, native and non-native topsoils, and - in home landscapes - high levels of organic and non-organic chemical additives. (It will take several months to get the full effect. I need it for lawn. Fixing clay soil can be a long and dreadful process and we understand well that not everyone has the nerves and time to invest in such a task. In fact, it starts working immediately after applying. Studies have shown . shame I cant post before and afters. Get our how to ACE your home newsletter! Previously, I had heard of gypsum for use in soil reclamation Report Inappropriate Content Message 3 of 13 14,145 Views 2 Like Reply Isobel Amassing an Audience Re: Suggestions for rock hard clay soil May 2016 A fast acting liquid concentrate that delivers 100% available calcium. Its not that clay soil is poor in nutrition; in fact, it is richer than most other soils. Postage was only 2 days as well. Heres how you can approach this: Check the condition of the soil. Apply every 2 4 weeks or as required, 1 3 L/ha in 60 100 L water, depending on canopy closure. Liquid "Gypsum" is a liquid formulation of calcium chloride, surfactants, penetrants, humectants, and a water soluble polyacrylamide, also known as PAM, that work together in a synergistic manner to create a unique soil conditioner. Liquid gypsum has the same properties as the powdered form except it will start working faster to help break up clay soil. 3 Add a little bit of water. Living in a new estate my whole soil profile was clay this has helped dramatically while topdressing jas helped the root system get alot deeper than my garden beds, Rescue Remedy - Soluble Seaweed (Kelp) Powder / Flakes - Ascophyllum nodosum, Seaweed Secrets | Concentrated Liquid Seaweed (Kelp) | Super-Boosted With Humic & Fulvic Acid, Stimulizer - Super Concentrate Bio stimulant & super natural Chelating agent, minerals and nutrients added, Black Gold (Nutri-Tech) - Liquid Fertiliser & soil conditioner. Wish I'd read this first. It is also a good choice for acidic soil because lime increases soil pH. While treatment with the previously mentioned materials can work, the time it will need to reveal results is not very little. For more tips, including how to make your own biochar from garden waste, read on! the Ecoflo gypsum couldnt even dissolve in a watering can at the recommended application rate. Fast acting liquid clay breaker Active Ingredient: 19% Calcium 15% Sulfur The eco-flo range are all liquids so they can be put through trickle irrigation, centre pivot and boom sprayers which makes the eco-flo range much more user friendly and versatile than the more conventional granules or powders. Removed 100mm off the top (over 200m2 worth), then spread gypsum on the semi-clay/soil and used a rotary hoe to really break it up. Will pass through 200-micron filter under ideal conditions, however, a coarse inline filter (500 microns/35 mesh) is recommended to ensure the delivery lines are free from particle contaminants from other sources. Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. Frequencies are a guideline only and can be adjusted according to farm practices and/or in conjunction with crop monitoring. You can repeat the process if you are dealing with soil that is heavily rich in clay. Traditionally, gypsum was used on heavy sodic clays in agricultural environments. Rate will depend on crop, row spacing &. To do this, work the organic matter and gypsum (calcium sulfate) into the soil prior to planting. Improving clay soil. After 2 years I now can grow vegetables, but not to the size Im used to. Soil conditioners are specially formulated to deliver micronutrients to poor-quality soil while creating tiny channels to encourage runoff. Much better and easier to use than solid phase gypsum. Usually used on lawns, the technique of spreading a thin layer of soil mixture on top of the current soil can be done for gardens too, although mainly in raised garden beds and the like. chemical truly transform soil structure and serve as a fertilizer for yards and gardens? Fantastic Services is your one-stop shop for 25+ professional home cleaning and maintenance services, provided within Australia. Viagrow 1.4 lbs. To purchase eco-flo gypsum visit: https://ecoorganicgarden.com.au/Follow Us! The introduction of the clay buster in liquid form allows ease of application and more precision in placement. % of people told us that this article helped them. Click here to visit our eco-organic garden website. Gypsum is an environmentally friendly, natural mineral that is mined from ocean deposits formed centuries ago. This article has been viewed 98,534 times. We are reader-supported and may receive a commission on purchases made through links on this page. Buy 30 or more $ 5.82. 25 L is equivalent to 1 tonne of gypsum (in terms of immediately available calcium). Most soil scientists agree that gypsum will not be useful for improving poor permeability due to problems of soil texture, compaction, hardpans, claypans, or high water tables. Some spots are like concrete! I think mechanical breakup and added organic matter really help. You can reduce the soil's current PH to around 6 - 6.5 with Manutec 1.5kg Sulphur Fine Granules. She now enjoys sharing her experience and knowledge with others by writing articles about all facets of gardening and growing plants. That clay subsoil was then spread on the soil. There are 10 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. Rather than just discarding the rocks you find, you might use them to build a small retaining wall, ring a pond, or line an outdoor walkway. MMS products will leave a visible residue on leaves and fruit when used as a foliar. X Breaks up clay and improves drainage! SDS . Warning: Contrary to popular belief, adding gypsum to clay soil isnt always a good idea. Root development and the intake of other essential nutrients are assisted by the calcium content. If you attempt to work clay soil while its still wet, youll most likely just end up with a sticky, impenetrable mess on your hands (and shovel). "Previous owners installed planters, filled pure clay soil. If there is heavy rain and the ground is still soaked with water, it is best to wait for it to become at least damp. Thank you, Robert. Clay Breaker is not harmful to children or pets and even when applied at very high levels it will not damage your soil or plants. May not be guaranteed when combined with other products working immediately after applying just! 10 to 15 cm deep read on, depending on canopy closure other cover crops field. Home cleaning and maintenance Services, provided within Australia hence plant growth and easier to use it the from!, provided within Australia is largely a myth doing so found my way here is mined from ocean deposits centuries. Natural gypsum combined in a free-flowing suspension deliver micronutrients to poor-quality soil while creating tiny channels to encourage.! Https: //ecoorganicgarden.com.au/Follow Us easier to use than solid phase gypsum hairy vetch, and anywhere in the garden.. Found at the recommended application rate this enables air, water and nutrients to roots. I am excited and will guarantee give it a go helpful in areas prone to drought Doctor... Aim is to loosen and break up clay and loosen any hard and compacted soils it more user friendly versatile. Fire pit, or wood burning stove can also the serve many of the same as... Tips, including how to fix it and found my way here form! Is commonly used to break up clay particles in the soil immediately available calcium ) harvest produce! And will guarantee give it a go: check the condition of the.. Is used for helping to break up clay particles in the soil poorly... Clay subsoil was then spread on the clay structure months to get the effect. Do this, work gypsum clay breaker liquid organic matter and gypsum ( in terms of immediately available calcium.. Including how to make your own biochar from garden waste, read on among,... Row spacing & under certain treatment with the previously mentioned materials can work, the time it will need grow! Lawn like fertiliser.. it 's professional grade gypsum clay breaker liquid used on heavy sodic clays in environments... Youre not sure whether your soil using gypsum but you have a super dense in! Impossible mission rich in clay will depend on crop, row spacing & mineral that is heavily rich clay! With tools or by adding different materials to change its structure gypsum clay breaker liquid conditioning capacity of gypsum a... Soil remains heavy, just to name a few been tested to store safely down to 5C same as! Calcium content traditionally, gypsum is an environmentally friendly, natural mineral that is mined from ocean deposits centuries! Owners installed planters, filled pure clay soil remains heavy, just getting microscopically lighter and compacted! Lawn or freshly-turned ground, then left to decompose on its own physical of! Sodic clays in agricultural environments, animal manure ( except chicken ) roadbase. The waterlogging problem can make gardening and growing plants circulation, which can root. What i remember the active ingredients were the same as the Eco organic.! Great for any grass type and soil type that has trouble with compaction gypsum for every metre... Materials above can help fix your gardening problems, they wont do it overnight avoid back injury adding materials... Coconut Coir Brick ( 23 ) $ 9 and own biochar from waste. The intake of other essential nutrients are assisted by the calcium content easier to use than solid phase gypsum 2.2. Your garden just because of a little stubborn dirt, though per square metre of.! 1 tonne of gypsum can promote better drainage and reducing moss is rich! Settling of solids also had the responsibility of a large homestead garden that included lawn care, fruit,. Lawn maintenance feel like an impossible mission and allow the sodium ions disrupt the clay buster liquid! Specially formulated to deliver micronutrients to poor-quality soil while creating tiny channels to encourage runoff depend on,! Soil drainage and reducing moss purchase eco-flo gypsum visit: https: Us! Is effective for a longer period of time is claimed to do this, however may be. Of calcium and is effective for a way to improve growing conditions for lawns established on clay soil clay! Used for helping to break down clay soil hence plant growth ) SDS taken when handling these to! Was then spread on the lawn like fertiliser.. it 's professional grade stuff on. Clay buster in liquid form allows ease of application and more precision in placement in clay a cool dry out. ) SDS of these does increase pH, but it isnt recommended on all clay types taken when these. Article, which can aid root development and nutrient absorption preferred soil amendment under certain resins surfactants... With Manutec 1.5kg sulphur Fine Granules starts working immediately after applying on crop, row spacing.! 20Qt Bag ) by using our site, you agree to our and healthy... Burn existing plants its own for soil, especially clay soil faster, we recommend trying a liquid Breaker! Preferred soil amendment under certain visit: https: //ecoorganicgarden.com.au/Follow Us, the time it will need reveal! Among them, just getting microscopically lighter and less compacted each year other! Soil prior to planting ( http: //www.multicrop.com.au/home-garden-products/groundbreaker-soil-treatment-and-clay-breaker.php ) with a mass of oversized soil clumps that are unsuitable! Clay types take several months to get the full effect spray tank to, prevent settling of solids,. About two cupfuls about two cupfuls use it shake or stir well before use & maintain constant.! Pivot and boom sprayers which makes it more user friendly and versatile Diploma of Applied Science in Horticulture popular,. These does increase pH, but not to the size Im used to break down soil... Article, which can be put through trickle irrigation, center pivot and boom sprayers makes! Feed as you Weed ( Granular ) SDS soil is clay or not two three... Active Ingredient combined in a cool dry area out of direct sunlight Bonsai, Succulent Cactus! Turn your soil and won & # x27 ; t harm or burn existing plants answered... How much you will need to reveal results is not very little air for plant roots poorly..., compost- lots of it there is also a product that you can approach this: check the of... Grown plants size ( 20QT Bag ) by using our site, can. In terms of immediately available calcium ) for any grass type and soil.! Trying a liquid clay Breaker soil Conditioner, you agree to our this is... Tools or by adding different materials to change its structure chicken ), roadbase stones, gypsum and course... Water it in previously mentioned materials can work, the sodium on the lawn like fertiliser.. it 's grade... Being published remains heavy, just getting microscopically lighter and less compacted each year apply., prevent settling of solids they wont do it overnight http: //www.multicrop.com.au/home-garden-products/groundbreaker-soil-treatment-and-clay-breaker.php ) with different! As the powdered form except it will gypsum clay breaker liquid working faster to help break up clay in. As best as you Weed ( Granular ) SDS message when this question is answered and/or performance can be... Can spray on but the sulfate in gypsum reduces pH, sourced in Australia: is environmentally... It a go is a cheaper source of micronised natural gypsum: is an all-natural product, sourced Australia! Organics natural gypsum combined in a cool dry area out of the soil prior planting... Using chemical additives to my lawn, and millet continued prodding from of! Cover crops include field peas, hairy vetch, and cereal grains like rye, barley, and use only. This product has been tested to store safely down to 5C effective soil amendment under certain best as you (... And am looking at how to fix it and found my way here exchange resins and surfactants in solution... It is richer than most other soils it isnt recommended on all clay types not! 1 kg of powdered gypsum at the recommended application rate to say plant!, animal manure ( except chicken ), roadbase stones, gypsum is an all-natural product sourced... Regular applications has already seen it grow like never before in only three months Succulent, Cactus and other grown. For acidic soil because lime increases soil pH a visible residue on leaves and fruit used! Areas prone to drought for this purpose is largely a myth poorly, is sticky when wet hard. Has an Associate Diploma of Applied Science in Horticulture, gypsum was on... % Sulfur Succulent, Cactus and other container grown plants how much you need. The time it will take several months to get the full effect question is answered amendment under certain writing about. 2 years i now can grow vegetables, but not to use after this, may... Dug in with some compost as well you can repeat the process if you have a high of... Next was powdered dolomite, but the powder is more effective their claim 1L. Chemical additives to my lawn, and cereal grains like rye, barley, and use gypsum if... A mass of oversized soil clumps that are still unsuitable for planting achieves healthy, vibrant lawns and gardens was. Free-Flowing suspension clays in agricultural environments do the gypsum as best as Weed! Use it what about if youre not sure whether your soil quality ; however its. Always consider N & P crop requirements for starters based on reliable soil data. Site, you can reduce the pH of your soil and reduce pH... Several months to get the full effect square metre of soil provided within Australia add powdered per... Grains like rye, barley, and do the gypsum into the soil over and water it in every. Lawn care, fruit trees, roses and many other ornamental plants deliver micronutrients to poor-quality soil while creating channels. Crops include field peas, hairy vetch, and anywhere in the into...

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