Few plants will survive beneath a tamarind tree and there is a superstition that it is harmful to sleep or to tie a horse beneath one, probably because of the corrosive effect that fallen leaves have on fabrics in damp weather. Gadgil M, Berkes F, Folke C. Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation. Khairunnuur FA, Zulkhairi A, Azrina A, Moklas MAM, Khairullizam S, Zamree MS, Shahidan MA. Res Vet Science. Six focus group discussions, 12 key informant interviews and 60 semi-structured interviews were used to collect information about knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and practices [2023] with regard to T. indica. Firm the soil and water the plant thoroughly. Furthermore, a big tamarind tree often requires at least two chains and we have witnessed chainsaws break in the process of cutting. For Sale: Single Family home, $5,395,000, 6 Bd, 6 Ba, 6,667 Sqft, $809/Sqft, at 400 Tamarind Dr, Hallandale Beach, FL 33009 And what if its true? Traditional forest-related knowledge: sustaining communities, ecosystems and biocultural diversity. Is this the branch that will take me to the top? He had already climbed quite high. The bulk of tamarind fruit bought was destined for markets in nearby urban areas such as Tororo and Mbale as well as distant ones such as Jinja and Kampala and in neighboring Kenya. When visiting different parks and nature reserves there is often a trademark regulation that sticks in a visitors mind., Over the years we have received an assortment of questions, usually about beaches, things to do and where to stay. Based on this belief, it was a taboo for mature girls and women to climb tamarind trees. Selection for key informant interviews was based on being knowledgeable about tamarind production, use and trade and willingness to participate. Whats he doing now? He felt presences around him. in Mukungwe and Wabinyonyi Sub-counties of Central Uganda. The fruit . Quantitative data were processed using MS Excel computer programme. Such sacred groves were generally regarded with dread by the local communities. He couldnt tell one thing from another. Privacy How can we warn him now? In their hearts they knew something horrible would happen. Tamarindus indica/crop combinations in Eastern Uganda. Conserv Biol. Key informant interviews in Tororo revealed that tamarind fruitpulp was used as a preservative for the millet bread which warriors fed on during the tribal wars between the Jopadhola and Banyole. Phil Trans R Soc B. The more he looked at it, the taller it seemed to grow. Lets go!, What? The majority of T. indica encountered (87%) was intercropped with other crops or trees. Delivery & Pickup Options - 1594 reviews of Tamarind Tree Restaurant "Fabulous hidden gem of a restaurant. They understood the gravity of the moment, cursing all the gods for putting them in such a situation. Article Concerns about limited land could be addressed through identifying potential locations for planting T. indica such as along boundaries, roads, compounds and public land. The extremely hard tamarind wood probably accounts for the existence of very old trees estimated to be over 100years old. In homes, the fruits were dehusked and soaked in water to soften. To 'Whosoever' searching for True Love How to feel Better when nothing else works? All his blood froze. Tamarind is high in many nutrients, including thiamine, magnesium, potassium and iron. 2012. p. 3083161. Restaurants. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. His dream was fulfilled; he now rests forever under the tamarind he brought as a small seedling from the wild. The girth of the tree, measured at a height of 1.20 m, is 2.49 m (Jan 31, 2016, Wim Brinkerink).Its height is exactly 7.20 m (Jan 31, 2016, Laser with Two-point measurement (e.g. Everything about VA Shiva Ayyadurai, the Indian who invented Email! What a stupid idea this bet was. UNDP Uganda Human Development Report 2007. What am I doing here? Tamarindus indica is considered a sacred tree in some parts of the world such as India and West Africa [7, 12, 34]. While visiting the U.S. Virgin Islands try some tamarinds, and if they are not in season try some other local fruit! Article Our campus uses open hardware as well as open learning tools and other OERs. PubMed Hell be killed. In: Parrotta JA, Trosper RL, editors. He was trying to get down as fast as he could. He whispered a prayer. Fountain Publishers. Office of the Prime Minister; 2011. Trosper RL, Parrotta JA. However, you may keep them in an open space or garden. 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Gently remove the plant from the pot and cut dead or damaged roots. This is in agreement with Shapi et al. A few years ago while visiting Estate Whim Plantation on St. Croix; where there is a large tamarind tree growing in the field, I noticed a young couple inquisitively looking at the fallen tamarinds and subsequently at the many tamarinds hanging in the tree. Sensitizing women about the nutritional benefits of various T. indica products could increase chances of tamarind being included in meals since it is women that are often involved in preparing meals and caring for the sick. I walked a few steps closer and politely interrupted explaining what they were and that they were edible. It is highly acid, contains 30% - 40% sugar and has high vitamin C and excellent keeping qualities. National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). Behind you!, The whole trees moving! Furthermore T. indica is easily accessible to all community members. The tamarind tree and the veppamaram are the only trees that can inspire southern India's richest legends. Suddenly, dizziness seized him.All the branches tangled with each other like a nest of hibernating snakes. Correspondence to The roles and values of wild foods in agricultural systems. TAKE LIFE IN YOUR HANDS TO REALISE VISION OF HUMAN LIFE: INSPIRED SPIRITUAL HAIKU, Daily Sharing Yog Vashishtha to Know Almighty 61, Begin your day with daily dose of music medicine for health and happiness: Haiku. No plant voucher specimens were collected as this study was based on only one plant species, Tamarindus indica L., easily identifiable by all researchers. In spite of everything, such guts that guy has! Cotton plant, Silky cotton plant and Palmyra tree (a kind of palm tree) are also considered inauspicious when planted around a house. From a certain angle, you can see it clearly, even from far away. We indicate the names of villages and subcounties where the study was conducted. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The tree's wood can be used for woodworking and tamarind seed oil can be extracted from the seeds. The branches of the tree are supple with small bright green, fine foliage which give the tree a graceful appearance. Tamarind trees have stout trunks and spreading canopies . and De Caluw et al. Thorny trees including Babul can create disputes at home. Tamarind (Imli) & Myrtle (Mehandi) It is believed that evil spirits dwell in tamarind and myrtle tree; therefore, care should be taken to avoid building a house where such trees are. Department of Geography & Social Studies, Kyambogo University, PO Box 1, Kyambogo, Kampala, Uganda, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda, Esther Ebifa-Othieno,Antony Mugisha&John David Kabasa, Department of Forestry, Bio-diversity and Tourism, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda, You can also search for this author in Fruit pulp was the most commonly used tamarind product. Or do I turn around and run back to my friends? Dey S, Swamp D, Anju S, Ananya D. In vivo efficacy of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L) fruit extract on experimental fluoride exposure in rats. Even dry flowers are considered bad luck. They were all moved by one wish. We hypothesized that the indigenous people of Eastern Uganda have used T. indica for generations and developed practices that promote its conservation and therefore we expected that they possess an elaborate indigenous knowledge (IK) system and that most of them have planted the species. Qualitative information was analysed using qualitative methods namely theme analysis and content analysis [2325]. Many thanks to field assistants, all respondents who shared information and tamarind owners for allowing us to carry out studies on their land. Observation also served to triangulate responses from focus group discussions. Everything struck him as fragile, treacherous and invisible. 2010;365(1554):291326. The frequency of citation (Table3) was a reflection of the proportion of the population that uses T. indica products for the stated purposes as well as being an indirect measure of the level of IK. The low percentage of planting (45%) coupled with excessive cutting, low monetary value attached to T. indica products and competing landuses especially where population density is high, remain major challenges to its conservation. The communities in the study areas face several constraints including malnutrition, food insecurity, low income, inadequate health services as well as environmental degradation exacerbated by unreliable rainfall and annual drought [15, 17]. There is one nail whose legend is the most alive, and the most tragic to hear. They went alongside him. The high value attached to T. indica has contributed to its continued existence in the study areas. They pulled him forward. A comparison of the research findings on tamarind uses with those reported in literature (Table5) indicates that T. indica is largely underutilised in the study area. Never keep dead or dying plants at home. He looked for it everywhere. Tamarindus indica trees provided shade in homes, public places, for crops and livestock. The mature fruit are used to make jam, candies, deserts, ice-cream and in various dishes as a seasoning. Here are some of the rules that need to be followed to ensure that your house is Vaastu friendly and also some tips to help you select the plant. This probably points to the close relationship between culture and T. indica in these communities. Curr Sci. TOTAL SURRENDER TO THE SUPREME PERSONALITY OF GODHEAD, THE PRACTICE OF YOGA IN SRIMAD BHAGWAT GITA, Make The Divine Love, the goal of Your life, Main Beliefs of Hinduism, Sikhism & Buddhism, IMPORTANCE & RELEVANCE OF NAVRATRI (NAV-DURGA) MANTRAS, COLOURS & HERBS. The research team provided information about the study then sought consent from participants or parents and guardians in case of respondents below 18years. Tamarindus indica was used for food, medicinal, cultural, social, environmental amelioration and income generation purposes. The leaves and fruit are used for various medical applications. The communities food and medicinal uses concurred with scientific reports of health benefits of consuming T. indica. Forgive me, I beg you! His final scream was lost in the silence of his solitude. It took forever to get himself situated and begin. Many urban youth viewed consumption of some indigenous foods including tamarind as backward. Its trunk was already enormous. A final surge of bravado chased away all caution. We hypothesized that the indigenous people of Eastern Uganda have used T. indica for generations and developed practices that promote its conservation and therefore we expected that they possess an elaborate IK system and that most of them have planted the species. Leaving already? Mal J Nutr. He stopped pounding to wipe his eyes. Their admiration for him knew no bounds, but something made them afraid. Figure3 shows details of 15 observed T. indica/other trees/crop combinations and their frequencies. It is not necessary to try and pull the fibers back as they help hold everything together and the seeds slip away from the fibers easily. and Havinga et al. 2007;2(1). -Tamarind Tree Family. And he began to pound madly with his hammer. Updates? The guard had gone.The moment was well chosen. He saw nothing. See a problem? American Chemical Society; 2009: p. 85110. Few plants will survive beneath a tamarind tree and there is a superstition that it is harmful to sleep or to tie a horse beneath one, probably because of the corrosive effect that fallen leaves have on fabrics in damp weather. Tamarind wood was reported to be a favourite for firing limestone kilns as it produces intense heat. Government of Uganda. The brown, bean-shaped fruits mature from April through July. But very few of us know about the plants that should NOT be kept in a house, because vedic sciences and even Feng Shui consider them to bring negative energy. 2010;127:57388. Tamarind Tree is part of the global Open Education movement that believes that irrespective of background, class, gender, religion, caste, etc. World Forest Series vol 12. A large tamarind tree provides ample shade beneath its branches. They were sorry they had let him go. The pulp is also used in traditional medicine and as a metal polish. Ambio. As the temperature cools down, you can slow down your watering process. Google Scholar. Useful trees and shrubs for Uganda: identification, propagation and management for agricultural and pastoral communities. Noss RF, Dobson AP, Baldwin R, Beier P, Davis CR, Dellasala DA, Francis J, Locke H, Nowak K, Lopez R, Reining C, Trombulak SC, Tabor G. Editorial. He cried. They grow in abundance on branches and vary from 2 to 7 inches long and about 1 inch in diameter. Relative frequency of citation of the different uses provides insight into usage levels and IK possessed. He felt someone or something suddenly pull his shirt from behind. http://www.fluorideresearch.org/432/files/FJ2010_v43_n2_p134-140.pdf. Possessing this desirable characteristic has led to medium sized tamarind trees becoming a target for felling to get the prized hard wood. MSc Dissertation, Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources; 1998. In the words of one respondent: Only the rich can afford to fell a tamarind tree so we sell at a giveaway price. Hell never agree to turn around. As for me, his children and grandchildren, we continue to enjoy its fruit. tamarind, (Tamarindus indica), evergreen tree of the pea family (Fabaceae), native to tropical Africa. Cookies policy. Armed with the boldness of his seventeen years, he accepted the dare to drive a nail through the tamarind of the cemetery. Trees begin to produce fruit after 4 years of growth, sometimes 5 and in some cases longer. 2012;50(3):253380. Google Scholar. During the dry season the concentrate was eaten as a sauce with millet bread due to scarcity of fresh vegetables. Yusuf AA, Mofio BM, Ahmed AB. Traditionally, tamarind beverage was recommended for convalescents and expectant mothers. Majority of respondents in focus group discussions expressed willingness to grow T. indica if assured of financial benefit. Checking the soil of the plant is always an ideal practice to avoid overwatering. Tamarindus indica was found both in the wild and on cultivated land. Br Dent J. Tamarind Tree is one of the few K-12 spaces in India to run entirely on technology - that too OPEN Technologies. Multi-stage proportionate sampling was used to determine the subcounties, villages and numbers of respondents for the study basing on the number of households and size of human population [19]. In the study areas T. indica fruits ripen during the dry season when food generally and fresh fruit and vegetables in particular are in short supply thus providing a supplementary source of nutrients. Tamarind grows into a large evergreen tree, 2030m tall [9, 10]. Directions Advertisement. Certain legends are remembered, but others rust in time, growing with the tree and becoming totally imprisoned in the bark of their fate. Their heart beat fast. Support Scroll.in The two District Environment Officers were selected on the basis of being in charge of environmental conservation. There are no ghosts. Advertisement. A violent emotion gripped him. You might have said that it waswaiting. Scrape the pulp off the seed with your teeth and spit the seed out. This practice is in agreement with findings of Gunasena et al., El-Siddig et al. Nobody sees them. As far as he could see, a vast area of darkness greeted him coldly. It is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible fruit, the sweet and sour pulp of which is extensively used in foods, beverages, and traditional medicines. Let him come back safe and sound! Tamarindus indica was valued as a windbreak for houses and crops given its strong root system and pliant branches. 2008;204(6):2915. http://www.scienceworldjournal.com/. Ten other key informants were selected from names suggested by the District Environment Officers, subcounty chiefs or during focus group discussions. However it was observed during focus group discussions that even within a single community with the same language and culture there was variation of knowledge about T. indica between the youth and the older generation. Although a variety of social and ecological drivers are acting to reduce the use of wild and semi-wild foods, their importance may be set to grow as pressures on agricultural productivity increase [1, 2]. The authors are grateful to Regional Initiatives in Science and Education-African Natural Products Network/Science Initiative Group (RISE-AFNNET/SIG) and Kyambogo University for financing the study. The limited accessibility of sacred groves is advantageous for preservation of T. indica in situ since trees therein are not usually cut down. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Stop him at any price from carrying out his plan! Will M. Promoting value chains of neglected and underutilized species for pro-poor growth and biodiversity conservation. This 4-star hotel features Asian restaurant and lounge bar on site and offers to take advantage of a fitness studio. Applying gentle pressure will cause the shell to crack. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine It has the sweetest fruit of all the three tamarind trees on our land. In some other regions of India, it is associated with Lord Vishnu. You could hear them running. But it's a staple ingredient in other Asian . This characteristic was reported by 53% of the respondents as the major reason for tamarinds popularity in compounds and homegardens. A few more steps. The participants for semi-structured interviews were selected by locating a tamarind tree within a selected subcounty, then starting with the nearest home, every third household was selected along a road or path in an Eastwest direction. [26] who observe that indigenous fruit tree species such as tamarind traditionally act to build resilience into the Sub-Saharan Africas farming system in terms of food security, income generation and ecosystem stability. Approximately half of the respondents had T. indica on their compounds or in homegardens (53%). Knowledge, attitudes and practices in tamarind (, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0133-8, www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/publications/PDFS/b09383.pdf, http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Uganda/Uganda_National_Human_Development_Report_2007.pdf, https://learningstore.uwex.edu/Assets/pdfs/G3658-12.pdf, https://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20113396756.html, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/432/files/FJ2010_v43_n2_p134-140.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. The souls of those who die in Kashi go directly to heaven. Get down as fast as possible. Despite having lost all of its lower branches, it rises at the other end of the cemetery like an enormous scarecrow, braving the most terrible storms and most powerful bolts of lightning. The bottle was then shaken to make a type of tamarindade which was enjoyed immensely. Website. California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. (CRFG).Tamarind. People who are afraidIm not afraid. According to Vastu, plants with red flowers and bonsai trees should not be kept inside the house. Knowledge, attitudes and practices in tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) use and conservation in Eastern Uganda. There is also need to explore ways of increasing earnings from T. indica. Beliefs, taboos and superstitions were observed to be an intrinsic part of the IK of the communities in the study areas. The fruit has multiple small bulges, each bulge is a seed. He turned around to see his friends. The tree suddenly looked like a ghost. Look for fruit stands or for make shift tamarind stands, usually just a small table with a dozen or more bunches of the small brown fruit. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews, semi-structured interviews and observation were used to collect data. As would be expected it is cooler in the shade. Small amounts of tamarind fruit for home consumption were harvested from trees on communal land, ones own land or after seeking the owners permission. 2008. https://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20113396756.html. Traditional forest related knowledge and sustainable forest mangement in Africa. They went before him. Fifty two percent of the tamarind population was self-propagated, 45% were planted while the propagation history for the remaining 3% was not known. The same is used for the fruit. My god! In spite of having an intricate IK system, it has not significantly affected processing of T. indica as no value-added products were encountered and T. indica remains underutilized. For instance, long maturity period could be addressed by exploring various propagation methods that shorten the period between establishment and harvest of T. indica. They couldnt say exactly. There is need to increase overall tree conservation efforts since T. indica grows together with other tree species. Respondents in Butaleja district did not report selling any tamarind product. PN participated in designing the study and write up. The 18 uses reported by respondents is evidence of the intricate IK possessed by the community about T. indica. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L: Leguminosae), is an indigenous fruit tree of the tropics reported to be underutilised worldwide [7, 8]. Local communities possess key knowledge and skills pertinent to the conservation of the ecosystems where they live [26]. The study aimed at assessing the influence of IK, attitudes and practices on the use and conservation of T. indica. If Id fallen, theyd just say the ghosts pushed me. He cast a furtive glance down. Duchok R, Kent K, Khumbongmayum AD, Paul A, Khan ML. Lets forget all this and go back home., We were foolish to allow you to do this. Quantitative data on key variables was analysed and expressed using descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages). TORORO District State of Environment Report. He prayed to his god and with a timid, trembling hand, touched the trunk. Although the communities lacked documented scientific evidence, their food and medicinal uses concurred with scientific reports of T. indica health promoting attributes. [3] who point out that local communities possess elaborate IK systems which are key for the conservation of indigenous tree species. The research team did not access T. indica in sacred groves as this required strict observance of rituals and practices which were beyond the scope of this study. All T. indica within quadrats were identified and all crops plus other tree species within a 20 m radius of T. indica recorded. He brought it close to the trunk. EEO designed the study, collected data and coordinated the write up. Tamarind is an ingredient in Worcestershire sauce and is used in many dishes in Asia, South and Central America . Results of tamarind population studies will be published elsewhere. The fruit is a plump legume 7.524 cm (39 inches) long that does not split open; it contains 1 to 12 large, flat seeds embedded in a soft, brownish pulp. Guidelines and good practices. If spirits really are around? We should have never let him go. What if, after all, all those stories were true! Introduction: the growing importance of traditional forest-related knowledge. The threat from collection of tamarind root and stembark for medicinal purposes remains minimal. Tamarindus indica has traditionally served to supplement the communities food needs especially during times of scarcity. El-Siddig K, Gunasena HPM, Prasad BA, Pushpakumara DKNG, Raman KVR, Vijayanand P, Williams JT. There is need to encourage value-addition so as to maximize T. indica benefits and enhance conservation. Red flowers and bonsai trees should not be kept inside the house namely theme analysis content! 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Combinations and their frequencies to supplement the communities in the shade desirable characteristic has led to medium tamarind. 1594 reviews of tamarind tree so we sell at a giveaway price that too open Technologies cut dead or roots... Scream was lost in the words of one respondent: only the rich can afford to fell a tamarind restaurant! Few K-12 spaces in India to run entirely on technology - that too open Technologies of very old trees to! And underutilized species for pro-poor growth and biodiversity conservation traditionally served to the! Carry out studies on their land trees including Babul can create disputes home! Was fulfilled ; he now rests forever under the tamarind tree is one nail whose legend is most. Of some indigenous foods including tamarind as backward ( frequencies and percentages ) from the wild and cultivated! Or do i turn around and run back to my friends key variables was analysed and expressed using statistics! 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Growing importance of traditional forest-related knowledge: sustaining communities, ecosystems and biocultural diversity the ecosystems where live... Shrubs for Uganda: identification, propagation and management for agricultural and pastoral..